Jimmy Carter spent two nights here in 1994. Steinhatchee, Florida.
A year ago, I first visited Rosewood, Florida, the site of a horrific racist massacre in 1923. Someone imagined a black man raped a white girl, and it exploded from there. I found the paltry memorialization of this American tragedy to be disquieting. I wrote about my first visit to Rosewood on this blog (click here to read that post, see the pictures, and read the depressingly politicized plaque).
Yesterday, I had the opportunity to return. Rosewood is in Levy County, where Florida State Road 24 meets County Road 324, a few miles east of Cedar Key on the Gulf of Mexico. This place once buzzed as a miller of cedar for Faber pencils. Now it’s quiet.
My first trip there was too unsatisfying, bereft of the vibration that turmoil usually leaves. I left without a sense of the gravity of what had happened there. If I hadn’t known beforehand, I never would have realized that this dusty, overgrown, fire-prone patch of coastal Florida land had hosted any event of note, let alone one charged with such fury, terror, and bloodlust.
This time, I battled the seasonal swarm of lovebugs to shoot a little video of Rosewood so people can see it for themselves. It appears, on the face of it, to be a dreary, sun-baked little outpost of pickup trucks and scrubby trees. It seems like nothing special as long as you remain ignorant.
But of course, the woods most people zoom past once were once the setting for unimaginable savagery.
There is no way to stop in Rosewood inconspicuously. There is no street life. The sole business, the Clam Shack restaurant, is shuttered. The sole church comes out of hibernation, one presumes, once a week. The Florida Forest Service’s Waccasassa Forestry Center keeps a sleepy eye out for flare-ups. If you get out of your car to shoot video, as I did, it’s impossible to go unnoticed. It’s the kind of place where I expect the sheriff to drive over and ask you where you’re from, and to call me “boy” when he does it.
The brutality that started on New Year’s Day, 1923, persisted for a long time — there had just been a KKK rally in nearby Gainesville — and Rosewood was burned down by a mob a full week after the mayhem began. Gone are the Florida Railroad train station, Masonic hall, and school. The few remaining ashes and bricks are overgrown with vines and trees, and modern-day residents live on land long ago commandeered or repurposed from the black community. The lumber mill where its residents worked was in the white town of Sumner, next door just west — you could walk between them, and everyone did — and that mill burned down four years after the massacre, sending the joint settlement into the anonymous oblivion they occupy today.
Some white locals bragged that as many as 17 people were killed and buried like animals in plow trenches, but only eight deaths can be documented (two of them white men), so that’s the number officials usually go with, which minimizes the scope and viciousness of that week. The historical plaque is also quick to praise the brave whites who tried to quell the massacre and praise the politicians who ordered the plaque — facts that may be true but still make me uncomfortable given how much detail about the victims and the climate of insanity that was left off.
As many commenters on my previous Rosewood post have pointed out, there are many Rosewoods hiding in the trees of America, unremarked and unremembered. We pass desultory intersections like Rosewood’s every day. And we will never know how many of them were once the settings for brutal events, in which Americans, believing they were right and on the side of God, were in fact the instruments of something sinister and evil.
When unspeakable things happen, it’s human nature to simply want to get past them. We move on. In this way, they get forgotten.
No sheriff appeared to call me “boy.” That lived only in my imagination, just like the rest of Rosewood. Imagination is what fanned the furnace of mob action in Rosewood in 1923, too. Things like Rosewood depend on the imagination to exist at all.
Read about the historical plaque and my first visit to the site of Rosewood, Florida.
The weirdest thing happened when Google came in: Cultural literacy went out. When I was 19, the Web was in its infancy, but I daresay my knowledge of my culture was much broader and deeper than nearly any 19-year-old I know today. Last night on the Grammys, when Paul McCartney took the stage, legions of incurious young people took to Twitter to wonder aloud who he was. Universally, they had the same self-defense.
“That happened before I was born.”
As if that’s an excuse. The Beatles were before my time, too, but I still know about them. In fact, there are a lot of things that happened before my time that I still know about, including but not limited to the Civil War, Warren G. Harding, the World’s Columbian Exposition, and the Stage Door Canteen.
Lest this come across as a Get Off My Lawn rant, I think there may be a cultural reason for the self-enforced stupidity we’re seeing in American youth, and moreover, for a stubborn failure to perceive that mouth-breathing ignorance as a failing. When I was a kid, we had three network channels, plus a few random channels in the double digits where you would find grainy re-runs of The Brady Bunch, The Monkees, and I Love Lucy. When your cultural outlets are that distilled, everyone tends to be exposed to the same stuff.
Today, kids have 600 channels. None of them are on the same page (not even the same Web page). It’s hard to blame them if they don’t know what to consider relevant. They have only word of mouth to prompt them.
But it’s easy to blame them for wearing their ignorance like a badge. I forgive them for not knowing, but I can’t understand why not knowing doesn’t upset them, or at least pique their curiosity. This generation has Google and Wikipedia, yet it’s the least inclined of all to actually use them. We have created for ourselves tools beyond our ancestors’ abilities to imagine, tools with the potential of transforming and enlightening mankind forevermore, and yet we utterly lack the agency to activate them.
If you don’t know something, Google it. A decade ago, even that advice seemed like a short cut. Today, people aren’t even bothering to do it at all.
It’s as if knowing the information could be at our fingertips is enough, and actually accessing that information is a formality we need not engage.
There are kids who use these to sponge up understanding of the world into which they were born. But too many of them merely crowdsource remedies to their ignorance, ensuring that the most enduring aspects of our culture are those few topline facts we all agree on. American culture is becoming no richer than the 200-odd standard songs on a Clear Channel rotational playlist. I suppose this is the same shallowness that Hollywood depends on to pump out remake after sequel, with nothing original to inspire future generations of recyclers.
There’s a dissertation to be written about this phenomenon, no doubt: the fantasy that owning an encyclopedia automatically makes you smart. The queasy realization that the upcoming generation measures the worth of something based on whether they overheard someone talking about it or saw it reposted somewhere.
I want to say: Paul McCartney was a Beatle. Spelled that way. They broke up before you were born. They broke up before I was born, too, but I still know all about them.
They were important, but it’s also true they were not nearly as important as many other things you will never know about because you will not be accidentally exposed them on the Grammys.
And because you do not care about reaching for anything that is not placed in front of your face, you are doomed to live small. You are the perfect consumer.
The Treasures of the British Library exhibit is one of my favorite sights in London. Every time I’m there, I see something electrifying, be it Lewis Carroll’s original hand-drawn Through the Looking Glass, the Magna Carta (two copies!), or an 11th-century copy of Beowulf on vellum. And that doesn’t even include the priceless stuff the British stole from other cultures!
One of the things that grabbed me there was a panel where visitors can press a button and listen to the actual voices of famous people who we never realized were recorded in sound. When you suddenly hear the timbre of Florence Nightingale, she becomes flesh-and-blood real. She actually happened!
Many historic recordings have finally migrated online so we can all hear them. Because it’s so energizing to close your eyes and feel these printed names come alive again, I’ve linked a few here. They link to an audio file (usually, at a library). Because of stupid WordPress nonsense, not all of the names are colored as links, but they indeed are, so click on the names.
Florence Nightingale, recorded in 1890
Edison’s representative in Britain clearly instructed her to speak slowly and clearly. It was, after all, 1890, and if you wanted to be heard all the way in 2012, you had to enunciate. When she refers to Balaclava, she’s talking about raising money for survivors of the Charge of the Light Brigade in 1854, many of whom were living in poverty 36 years later despite their service to their country. Sound familiar?
When I am no longer even a memory, just a name, I hope my voice may perpetuate the great work of my life. God bless my dear old comrades of Balaclava and bring them safe to shore. Florence Nightingale.
Theodore Roosevelt, recorded in 1912
You’ll never hear 10-dollar words like his in a campaign speech today. People prefer bumper stickers now. But here, after some disarming political foreplay, TR goes for the gusto and advocates for industry regulation, a living wage, work hours reform, and child labor laws. Newt Gingrich would blow a gasket. An industry that was “injurious t the common welfare” was heavily on American minds in 1912, not least because the horrific Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, which I wrote about in March, happened the year before. (For the record, Roosevelt lost, but it was a messy election with an outcome greatly affected by internal politics in the Republican party. Again, Newt should take note.)
[My favorite bit:] As a people we cannot afford to let any group of citizens or any individual citizen live or labor under conditions which are injurious to the common welfare. Industry, therefore, must submit to such public regulation as will make it a means of life and health, not of death or inefficiency. We must protect the crushable elements at the base of our present industrial structure. We stand for a living wage. Wages are subnormal if they fail to provide a living for those who devote their time and energy to industrial occupations. The monetary equivalent of a living wage varies according to local conditions, but must include enough to secure the elements of a normal standard of living–a standard high enough to make morality possible, to provide for education and recreation, to care for immature members of the family, to maintain the family during periods of sickness, and to permit a reasonable saving for old age. Hours are excessive if they fail to afford the worker sufficient time to recuperate and return to his work thoroughly refreshed. We hold that the night labor of women and children is abnormal and should be prohibited; we hold that the employment of women over forty-eight hours per week is abnormal and should be prohibited. We hold that the seven-day working week is abnormal, and we hold that one day of rest in seven should be provided by law. We hold that the continuous industries, operating twenty-four hours out of twenty-four, are abnormal, and where, because of public necessity or for technical reasons (such as molten metal), the twenty-four hours must be divided into two shifts of twelve hours or three shifts of eight, they should by law be divided into three of eight.
Vladimir Illich Lenin, recorded in 1919
Yes, Lenin spoke! But in Russian. He made many gramophone records between 1919 and 1921 to spread the tenets of communism, but in this one, he praises Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, who was instrumental in the revolution of October 1917 and in forming Russia’s communist government, the world’s first. It seemed like a good idea at the time.
[Translation.] All those who worked day after day with Comrade Sverdlov now appreciate fully that it was his exceptional organising talent that ensured for us that of which we have been so proud, and justly proud. He made it possible for us to pursue united, efficient, organised activities worthy of all the proletarian masses, without which we could not have achieved success, and which answered fully the needs of the proletarian revolution. The memory of Comrade Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov will serve not only as a symbol of the revolutionary’s devotion to his cause, not also as the model of how to combine a practical, sober mind, practical ability, the closest contact with the masses and ability to guide them, but also a pledge that ever-growing masses of proletarians will march forward to the complete victory of the communist revolution.
Harry Houdini, recorded in 1914
Harry Houdini, like FloNight, was obviously told to enunciate when he recorded this, and the showman delivered. Here, he works up excitement for his most famous trick, the Water Torture Cell. The complicated clauses make it also clear that it was probably scripted, but his pronunciation of “locked up” and “demolishing the glass” give you a sense of his streetwise immigrant roots. Before this natural-born Hungarian’s unnatural death in 1926, he told his wife Bess that he would send a signal from the afterlife if it was at all possible. She tried for 10 years but gave up, heartbroken, after years of silent séances. Hearing this clip makes you wonder if he’d actually already left his message.
Ladies and gentlemen, in introducing my original invention, the Water Torture Cell, although there is nothing supernatural about it, I am willing to forfeit the sum of $1,000 to anyone who can prove that it is possible to obtain air inside of the Torture Cell when I’m locked up in it in the regulation manner after it has been filled with water. Should anything go wrong when I am locked up, one of my assistants watches through the curtain ready to rush in, demolishing the glass, allowing the water to flow out in order to save my life. Harry Houdini, October the 29th, Nineteen Hundred and Fourteen, Flatbush, New York.
President Warren G. Harding, recorded in 1920
The party puppet anoints some purple prose by one of his more talented speechwriters with the lustless pallor that typified his career. This snippet from his “Americanism” message is adapted from an address delivered at the Waldorf Hotel for the Ohio Society of New York, which was packed with big contributors to whom he doled out prime posts. Hotels played a huge role in Harding’s corrupt presidency. Not only was he a notorious philanderer, but he got his biggest job in a hotel. Despite being at the back of the pack of Republican presidential candidates, party bosses forced him as the Republican nominee in a “smoke-filled room” at Chicago’s Blackstone Hotel. It’s where the phrase, synonymous with backroom deals overriding the will of the people, comes from. You can still rent that room if you want, although I’ve been and it has a dull Renaissance Hotel décor now. Harding also died, still holding office, in a hotel: In 1923, he was rendered nearly as lifeless as in this clip in a bathtub of a suite at San Francisco’s Palace Hotel. Some people say his wife poisoned him.
[After invoking the Constitution, he intones this nugget:] In simple truth, there was no thought of nationality in the revolution for American independence. The colonists were resisting a wrong and freedom was their solace. Once it was achieved, nationality was the only agency suited to its preservation.
Thomas Edison, recorded in 1927
In the 1870s and 1880s, everyone was racing to come up with the most practical way to record voices, but Edison had the advantage of employing an army of some of the country’s sharpest minds, all of them helping him come up with inventions that he could patent and get rich off of. Sometimes he succeeded in coming up with ideas, but most of his grand business ventures flopped. Here, an elderly Edison recreates one success: his 1877 proof-of-concept recitation of “Mary Had a Little Lamb” (that recording no longer survives). At the turn of the century, he was recording the biggest entertainers of the day in an effort to make his proprietary version of sound recording the most attractive to the American market. The recording studio was directly upstairs from his study and library in West Orange, New Jersey, and you can visit it today at the Thomas Edison National Historic Park. It’s just as he left it.
Ernest Shackleton, recorded in 1910
Fresh back from his Nimrod (mis)adventures at the South Pole, Shackleton, who was knighted for his efforts, retells a hint of a snippet of the hardship he and his heroic men endured. (If you’ve never learned about what he went through, don’t let Shackleton’s chilly storytelling skills deter you. It’s incredible.) Incidentally, he left some crates of whisky behind in Antarctica in 1909, and they were discovered last year, the recipes are being duplicated. You can buy Shackleton’s whiskey soon.
William Jennings Bryan, recorded in 1908
At Bryan’s Nebraska home, Edison recorded an argument against too much federal control of the railroads. As ever, the politician hinges his point on the matter of states’ rights. Some things never change. Bryan was so very nearly America’s president (he ran three times and was running when this recording was laid down on the cylinder), and figures so powerfully in the national goings-on of his era, that it boggles the mind he isn’t better known today. He certains sounds like the folksy leader his followers purported him to be.
William Howard Taft, recorded in 1908
Taft was Bryan’s opponent in the 1908 election. Labor rights were a huge issue in the day because America had so few of them and the vulnerable classes were being exploited so outrageously. To us today, Taft’s definition of what a labor strike should be permitted to do sounds like the very definition of a strike, but at the time, worker actions were a very scary thing, and they degraded into violence far more frequently than happens nowadays. So his prescription must have seemed soothing — and as civilized as what came to pass and we now take for granted. Taft won.
David Lloyd George, recorded in 1909
DLG was the then-future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the reason for this recording is as pertinent today. The early 20th-century British people, disgusted by how rampant industry had stained their cities and poisoned their people, realized it was for the greater good if they took care of the poorest among them. As groups such as the Fabian Society stirred popular empathy, they began taxing the rich to make sure the least fortunate of society were kept healthier. DLG was the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and this was his pitch to make that happen.
I am one of the children of the people. I was brought up amongst them and I know their trials and their troubles. I therefore determined in framing the budget to add nothing to the anxieties of their lot, but to do something towards lightening those they already bear with such patience and fortitude. No necessity of life will be dearer or more difficult to get owing to the budget. On the other hand, out of the money raised by taking superfluity, funds will be established to secure honourable sustenance for the deserving old and to assist our great benefit societies in making adequate provision for sickness and infirmity and against a poverty which comes to the widows and orphans of those who fall in the battle of industry. This is the plan, this the purpose of this government. We mean to achieve these aims whoever stands in the way. David Lloyd George.
Christabel Harriette Pankhurst, recorded in 1909
The daughter of Emmaline Pankhurst was equally badass. Right after being released from prison for her pro-suffrage demonstrations, she repeats this eloquent ultimatum to the government: Give us the vote or else.
The militant suffragettes who form the Women’s Social and Political Union are engaged in the attempt to win the parliamentary vote for the women of this country. Their claim is that those women who pay rates and taxes and fulfil the same qualifications as men voters shall be placed upon the parliamentary register. The reasons why women should have the vote are obvious to every fair-minded person. The British constitution provides that taxation and representation shall go together. Therefore, women taxpayers are entitled to vote. Parliament deals with questions of vital interest to women, such as the education, housing and employment questions, and upon such matters women wish to express their opinions at the ballot box. The honour and safety of the country are in the hands of Parliament. Therefore, every patriotic and public-spirited woman wishes to take part in controlling the actions of our legislature. For forty years this reasonable claim has been laid before Parliament in a quiet and patient manner. Meetings have been held and petitions signed in favour of votes for women, but failure has been the result. The reason of this failure is that women have not been able to bring pressure to bear upon the government and government moves only in response to pressure. Men got the vote not by persuading, but by alarming the legislature. Similar vigorous measures must be adopted by women. The excesses of men must be avoided, yet great determination must be shown. The militant methods of the women of today are clearly thought out and vigorously pursued. They consist in protesting at public meetings and in marching to the House of Commons in procession. Repressive legislation makes protests at public meetings an offence, but imprisonment will not deter women from asking to vote. Deputations to Parliament involve arrest and imprisonment, yet more deputations will go to the House of Commons. The present Liberal government profess to believe in democratic government, yet they refuse to carry out their principles in the case of women. They must be compelled by a united and determined women’s movement to do justice in this matter. Next session we demand the enactment of a women’s enfranchisement measure. We have waited too long for political justice. We refuse to wait any longer. The present government is approaching the end of its career. Therefore, time presses if women are to vote before the next general election. We are resolved that 1909 must, and shall, see the political enfranchisement of British women.
It didn’t. It took nearly another decade. She even had to flee to France to avoid being arrested for her pull-no-punches convictions. She hated DLG but was forced to ally with him for politics’ sake. In the 1920s, fed up with British chauvinism and war hunger, she moved to California. She’s buried in Santa Monica.
Queen Victoria? Recorded in 1888
In 1929, descendants of Samuel Morse gave London’s Science Museuma wax coated cardboard cylinder, saying it had been used with a graphophone that was demonstrated to Queen Victoria. There was no way to play the tube and no way of verifying the donor’s story. But a half century later, a researcher found mention of an 1888 letter that said Morse had indeed visited HMQ and shown her the new invention. It’s possible that this is her faint voice on this primitive equipment, fumbling for something to say into the cone: “Greetings… the answer must be… I have never forgotten.” But we have.

William Tweed, fireman, accumulated political power by proclaiming religious values and stoking the furies of those who felt society was leaving them behind. Sound familiar?
The GOP presidential aspirants are getting a lot of mileage by demonizing the potential of a civic health care system, but they clearly don’t know history. We’ve actually done something like this before in another area of our health and safety. Take this example from the history books: Boss Tweed.
The refrains from the nattering healthcare debate may remind us of a past adventure in “socialism”: not the time when we switched from private militias to standing government-organized armies (although that happened, too), but the pre-Civil War era in New York City, when the job of firefighting was wrested from the private sector and placed in government hands. It’s hard to imagine that anyone today thinks that old system of response was superior. But that’s pretty much how our healthcare system works — and it’s a mess, letting a whole class of people fall through the cracks.
In the old days in New York, you bought insurance for your house, and if disaster befell you, you first got attention from brigades your insurance company liked. And in a city built from wood, fires were a constant threat. (They still are. As I wrote last time, I’ve been living in hotels for nearly a month because of a fire in the apartment beneath mine.)
There was no fire department. There were fire gangs. If you wanted your fire put out, you had to rely on volunteer crews.

The Black Joke brigade plunders the draft office at Third Avenue and 47th Street. They also burned a hotel that refused to serve them whiskey while they did it. Stay classy, public services!
But those volunteer forces were a threat unto themselves. While buildings burned, firefighters recruited volunteers from street gangs, brawled, and beat up rivals in other companies. During the Draft Riots of the Civil War — a grisly, racist episode depicted in Martin Scorcese’s Gangs of New York– Black Joke Engine Company No. 33 actually set a draft office ablaze itself, then prevented other companies from putting it out.
The insurance companies became a part of the problem. Still, the job usually got done, because, Luc Sante wrote in Low Life, “What they lacked in professionalism, they made up in enthusiasm.”
But slowly, as people felt more violated by the inefficient and corrupted system, alternatives emerged. Private fire companies, like the Fire Insurance Patrol, were established to fill in the gaps. But they were a mess, too — they were established by insurance companies who stood to make a bundle by salvaging whatever they could.
So the very companies charged with protecting citizens made money by failing to prevent fires — just as today’s health industry makes more money if you get sick and undergo an optimal number of procedures.
Cincinnati became the first American city to ditch the patchwork of self-interested volunteer companies and institute the country’s first “paid,” or fully governmental, fire department, in 1853. The timing was technologically fortunate: Cincinnati that year started using steam engines instead of laborious hand pumps, putting untrained volunteers on the sidelines.
But how did New York’s rickety volunteer system survive so long?
Because, like our healthcare system, it had friends at the top. In New York, one friend was named Bill Tweed, who later ran the infamous Tammany Hall political machine.
Politicians got the population to say things like this: “Everything will fall apart if we change it.” “The government will ruin it.” “The government could never do it as well as the private citizen can.” “Give us a way to opt out.”
Tweed is now remembered as one of the most corrupt politicians in American history, and his powers of public manipulation were timeless. Behind the scenes, he was all about cronyism and kickbacks, but publicly, he held the vote by invoking Christian themes at every opportunity, and directing huge sums of tax money to churches and charities. It was slick P.R., and his constituents ate it up.
Tweed got his start in as one of those volunteer firemen — in those days, a quick road to power since, like the Mafia knows, it got a whole neighborhood behind you. He led a thuggish brigade with the misleadingly patriotic name Americus Fire Company No. 6. Tweed became known for the red shirt he wore in his early days with the “Big Six.”
The fire insurance model bred corruption, and Tweed, the former fire company foreman, did everything to make sure his buddies in the fire business didn’t lose their power, including by gleefully stoking racist fears in the population.

This ad for an 1859 Big Six social event, held as it was increasingly beleaguered by reformers, glorifies a hand-pumped wagon six years after steam pumps came in. If you want to get the people on your side, whip them up with nostalgia.
In the 1850s, someone had enough. A politician overseeing the volunteer companies blew the whistle. Alfred Carson spoke out about his companies’ failings and their slipshod maintenance. But Tweed censored Carson’s critical reports and ultimately got Carson replaced by Harry Howard, a Tweed man who, not surprisingly, didn’t want to change the system.
Still, reformers like Carson had made an impression on the public, which gradually decided it deserved a better system. Both police officers and firefighters were transitioned into forces fully backed by the government — which managed the transition from private to public so poorly that there were two police departments for a month in 1857.
In his book Five Points, Tyler Anbinder wrote: “The Irish-American condemned the [change] for its ‘partisanship, odiousness, and tyranny … It virtually disenfranchises the people’ by taking control of municipal institutions away from the city’s elected leaders.”
Just as they do now, politicians with something to lose argued the skies would fall if things changed. Opponents convinced immigrants that the changes were part of a plot to centralize government control over their lives, and to make them irrelevant. The city’s poor were whipped into a frenzied anger that sparked a deadly riot on July 4, 1857, as gangs attacked any cops they could find from the new professional force. They swarmed the streets with knives, pistols, and iron bars. Cops and gang members alike were killed, and the militia was called in to bring calm. (A recession began in that year, too.)
The government placated the volunteers by allowing them to intermingle with the new system — shades of the “public option” opt-in of today’s healthcare debates — and by promising their entrenched members first crack at the paid jobs. Compromise paved the way to our current system — a system once so despised that people killed each other to prevent it.
Just as with the political benefactors of New York’s fire insurance industry, many of the bureaucrats wrestling today with healthcare reform and regulation came from the ranks of the health-insurance industry. And today’s elected politicians have strong links, too: Sen. Joe Lieberman’s swing vote determined the structure of the bill — even as, reformists argue, his wife works with a lobbyist firm that serves the health-insurance industry.
Tweed’s grasp on absolute power weakened after his fire-insurance system was extinguished. Within five years, he was under attack, and soon after, he was sent to prison on corruption charges. Tweed died behind bars, and Americans adapted to the new system of a government-led fire force.
And then there’s another important side note: In 1798, John Adams, our second president, signed “An Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen.” It authorized a government-run system of hospitals and a tax to fund them. And Thomas Jefferson, his biggest political rival, supported it, too. That’s right: The two fathers of our Declaration of Independence, and our second and third presidents, both supported government-run healthcare.
I’ve never thought Obamacare was a fair name for the new system. After all, it was clearly the product of compromise between the two parties on Capitol Hill. But calling it Obamacare succeeds in maligning Obama with a vague smear, and it also distracts from the facts: The Congressmen who most shaped the bill are often cashing big checks from Big Pharma, which didn’t want things to change.
Few would argue that the greater good wasn’t served by the painful switch from private fire insurance.
Then again, few are arguing about the greater good at all.
I wrote this post on September 18, 2001. I haven’t changed a word.
I titled it “Ago.”
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That morning, I was awakened by the silence.
I don’t recall what woke me up early, at 8:45 a.m., but it must have been something. Probably something I heard in my sleep, like the grumble of a garbage truck two blocks away. But the morning was so very still, the streets so unusually quiet outside my window, that I had to nestle deeper in my bed. I never get up before 9:00.
So I went back to sleep, shallowly. In the hallway outside my apartment, someone dropped something metal and it clattered to the ground. A few minutes later (ten? fifteen?) I had drifted mostly to sleep again, when once again I was awakened by the silence. This time, finally. I lay in the pleasant silence of a Tuesday morning in early September, as the city shook off the overnight rains.
Usually, only my alarm can roust me. That morning, for some reason, I made the sudden decision to be awake. I got out of bed, still bleary, and turned on the TV. I expected to see Regis or Kelly, the silly make-up people who usually start my day with a fired blank.
Everybody knows what I saw. Why say it?
The flames were just billowing out of the second building. The news voice was trying to remain calm as he said “…second plane just hit.”
I think I know now how people feel when vast stores of knowledge are suddenly released to them, when understanding suddenly deepens and taps into new reservoirs. It isn’t rapture, like the Christians say, or enlightenment, like the philosophers. It’s anguish — by law, the knowledge that anything is possible must have its potent flip side.
So I had feared this sort of thing for years. People told me I was being foolish. When I went on my world tour, which is covered in the first 30 dispatches on this site, I actually put my possessions in storage in New Jersey because I fully expected a terrorist attack to cripple Manhattan while I was away. I hate to say it once again, but cynics should get more credit.
I called my mother right away, knowing the phone lines would soon be jammed. She was already sobbing because she had been watching. I also called my grandfather, in Atlanta, because I knew the worry could trouble his weak heart. I told them to tell everyone I was fine.
I threw clothes on and grabbed a coat I didn’t need and flew down the stairs. A few people were walking down the street, slowly, as if they didn’t know yet. They probably didn’t. I suddenly got cotton mouth, and I jogged down 29th Street and turned down Eighth Avenue, and one block down, the World Trade Centers crept out from behind the building where Amnesty International has its offices. They were aflame, like we all know.
No one wants to hear about my emotions. We all had our own. But people do want to know what it was like in New York City when this happened. That is what I will tell you now.
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People on the street were, at first, mildly interested. It was pretty impressive to see those things burning like that. More than one person remarked that it was just like a movie. Pretty sad that we find those kinds of movies entertaining, and pretty sad that we have no more facile ways to express ourselves anymore. But it did look like a movie, burning off in the distance, poking up over the New York Sports Club and the Duane Reade and the donut shop like a matte painting from a ’70s potboiler. The smoke gushed off to the left and we could look directly into the black gash made by what we later learned was The First Plane.
Now and then, little bits of debris would drip out of the gash, like sooty goblets of wax from a candle, and plummet to earth. We later learned what those were, too.
You have to understand that none of us thought they would fall. It didn’t enter our minds. We knew it was a big deal, of course, and that it was a day to remember, but we thought it would go something like, “Remember that day the Twin Towers got hit and burned out at the top? I saw it. It was awful!” Some of us had cameras, including me.
People came out of the subway at 25th Street and saw it for the first time. As crowds grew, someone would rush over and tell them what was just going on, the very latest from the TV. They were commercial airlines, it was no accident.
“It was no accident.”
This is where New York’s story differs from all others. The instant we understood that this was an attack, each of us was (without saying so) filled with instant dread. What if the smoke pouring out of the WTC was toxic, or tainted with germs—and here we were, standing on the street, breathing it. What if there were coordinated bombs riding on the subway, ready to explode beneath our feet? Behind us, the Empire State Building rose into the sky, tempting more jets. Some people suggested going to the grocery store to stockpile. There were a hundred possibilities for panic.
Cars parked at the curb were blasting their radios, and soon word spread that the Pentagon had been hit, and more planes were missing.
The rest of the country was shocked by what was unfolding on their TV screens. We in Manhattan, though, realized that without a doubt, we were in the crosshairs. anything could come next, right on top of our heads. People in Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Los Angeles, Seattle — their fears were based on conjecture. Ours were based on the towers burning in front of us. I cannot adequately convey the sensation of futility, and of suppressed panic, that gripped all of us.
I wasn’t chancing anything. I went indoors. I turned on the TV and started sending e-mails to everyone I knew.
The rest of the day was a blur. The first tower fell as the TV anchor wailed. The roar came in on my television and through my window. I remember grabbing my head, gasping a silent sob, and saying “From now on, there’s only going to be one!”
When the second tower fell, with the double roar again, the TV anchor said, “If there are any children watching…sorry, but I don’t know what to tell you.” Several stations went black when the antenna slipped into the smoke. The vibrations shook my house. It felt like the end of the world, like existence itself was slipping beneath the waves.
+++++++++++
Most people don’t know how it feels to have an important landmark suddenly deleted from the landscape of their lives. It’s like taking the sea away from Miami Beach, or the Eiffel Tower from Paris. All of a sudden, it feels like you’re in a different place altogether, with new buildings, new streets. Things you never noticed before become the dominant feature. Everything dies and is uncomfortably reborn on its own terms.
You come out of the subway and glance downtown. You think, “What’s missing?” before you tell yourself you know very well what’s missing. You can’t help it.
I don’t remember what I did that whole day. Fifteen hours that I cannot account for. The man I used to call Adolf Giuliani appeared on TV, dusted with powder and blood, and told us that entire fields of people were dead, and he saw it. Somehow, I felt reassured by that. Probably because it’s the first time I can remember that Americans politicians used candor. (Within days, President Bush would be back to public relations, and the honesty would end.)
My friend Lee, who evacuated his office near the U.N. walked all the way over to my house through people-clogged streets. We staggered downtown, to the Village, and watched vans trailing concrete dust and saw red-eyed, dust-caked businessmen walk past us. No one had any particular emotion. It was as if we were going to the grocery story in slow-motion. I realize now that we were all in shock.
We heard that the island was sealed off, that all flights were grounded. We couldn’t get out if we wanted to. We might as well sit and wait for whatever. If the World Trade Center was truly gone, you couldn’t tell through the mighty white cloud issuing from the bottom of Manhattan. All traffic ceased, and the people overtook the streets. I’ve seen that happen only once before, in 1996, when a massive snowstorm turned all New Yorkers into good neighbors.
We each had a slice of pizza. We sat near the stoop where they shot “Sex and the City” that one time. Fighter jets stormed over our buildings.
The following days were just as hazy. I don’t know how I lived through them. I don’t know what I did except wait for more death.
+++++++++
In the nights after the carnage, something else happened. It’s something you didn’t hear about on your TV. How could they explain to you what I’m about to tell you?
The night of the attacks, the air my apartment felt tense. It felt charged with activity. For many hours, I was unable to separate the sensation of activity from that of my own fear. At first, I thought I was simply feeling anxious, which explained the constant feeling that I was being watched from behind.
If I had to describe it in one word, I would say that I felt an intense sensation of insistence. It was almost as if I felt strongly that there was something important that I had left undone, that there was something I had to get up and do, right away.
As the night went on, though, I couldn’t imagine what that responsibility could be. I had been released from work, and my kitchen was full of uneaten food. It took me a while to realize what was truly happening in my house.
In one 90-minute stretch, some 5,000 souls were violently unleashed from their bodies, and it happened a little over a mile from my bedroom. The feeling of insistence, I believe, was them. The recently deceased, you often hear, find themselves confused about their new state. The World Trade Center people were telling me that they couldn’t understand what had happened to them. It had happened so quickly, without preparation. They were confused, and they felt lost. It was almost as if they were trying to get my attention for some confirmation.
I folded myself tightly on my couch at 3 in the morning, shivering with chills, and told them quickly that yes, it was true, that they had died. But they should go leave me alone, or they should go to their families and comfort them, or they should go back to Ground Zero and help other people die. Or they should simply move on.
I feel silly saying this. But I know what I felt. Something was in my apartment. And no one can laugh at me unless they, too, have been very near a place where thousands of lives have just been suddenly snuffed out. Scoff if you like, but you have never been so close to such devastation. I felt them, and it happened.
Night by night, they began to drift away. By the fourth night, they were completely gone. On Friday, my apartment felt hollow, and I could finally focus on the fear.
+++++++++
Everyone became skittish. If someone happened to run to catch a crosswalk light, everyone around them shifted nervously. People were wary of everyone around them. Someone showed up in our office with an egg salad sandwich and I thought, for a moment, that we were being attacked with poison gas. It sounds funny. It wasn’t.
Everyone in the world can sympathize, but no one can understand. No one else saw it all unfold in front of their own eyes, or heard the sounds, or felt the fear. We all became exceedingly polite to one another, mostly because we realized, together, that life is hard enough.
And no one could be prepared for the smell. When the winds shifted to the north, the stink of burning metal and scorched concrete seized the lungs, and sent you back inside.
I have heard the sound of sirens more than my own name. Every single one could be the telltale beginning of another unexpected end.
When I hear about some housewife in Alabama who gnashes her teeth and mourns the death of her peace of mind, I have to admit I get pissed. What are you so mad about? You live in safety. We lived through all of this. We didn’t merely witness it.
A marginally talented TV actress named Shannon Elizabeth now carries a gas mask and biohazard suit in her car. She lives in Los Angeles. She represents how disappointed I am in Americans. We could have used this as a chance to plug into reality and to understand our role in the world. Instead, many of us have merely grown more ignorant, more reactionary, and more self-indulgent.
The media and the government — those people who tell us how to think — have already conditioned people well. Now, if you suggest that America has perhaps been too arrogant in its dealings with other countries, and that perhaps we did things to anger less powerful countries, then you are labelled an anti-patriot. The merest suggestion that America could have avoided this, or that America is itself guilty of atrocities abroad in Iraq or Afghanistan, is tantamount to agreeing with the terrorists.
When I am told that my political opinion is better left unvoiced, I am ashamed to be an American. Free speech is dying. I will not tailor my opinions to “support” a president who was not popularly elected — or any other leader. It is my right as an American to not support the millionaire boobs who run this country.
America did have warnings that this could happen, both political and specific. But we’re too greedy, to set in our ways, too crushed by the weight of our own bureaucracy to have any impulse other than intractable arrogance. How could an anointed land like America ever be wrong? Now, our blind patriotism, drummed up to galvanize a war, merely reinforces that heedlessly deadly habit.
The world is so big, but I have made it small. It seems like I always look up to see the middle of it. I want to find some big pocket of the world and vanish into it. A month before this happened, I was in the Australian outback. I would like to return, and never leave.
Within a day, Ground Zero was forbidden to visit. From then, New Yorkers’ only connection with the event was through television, same as everyone else. Might as well be going on in Taiwan.
We went to a Union Square peace night, which was really a mass gathering for healing. I bought extra candles at the 99-cent store and passed them out. We all sort of stood there and groped with the reality of what just happened to us, and warded off the fear of it happening again tomorrow. Then a show-off started playing patriotic tunes on her trumpet. The news crews, who had previously wandered listlessly among the mourners, honed in on her like ticks on livestock. They dashed over and shot video of her rabble-rousing and ignored the thousands of people who were there just for peace, with no political agenda. They turned our mourning into a political act.
We got disgusted and left.
Why should mourning ever be a political act? That implies that any government could be more righteous than our own humanity.
Then came the wallpaper of the missing. Bus stands, buildings, hospitals, random stretches of brick wall. Everywhere. Thousands of color-copier fliers with the faces of the dead. Some of the Poster People had wealthier families than others, you could tell. Mark Rasweiler, who worked in the rich-man’s office of Cantor Fitzgerald, a few feet beneath the poor men of the Windows on the World scullery rooms, was the most prominent Poster Person. He was everywhere; his family spared no expense.
Except on the posters, each dead loved one was called “Missing.” So began the euphemisms. Soon, we’d all be thrust into a world of propaganda, of hyper-p.c. watchcries, and of modern-day Victory Garden manure.
I bought a butane lighter and carried it with me in my day bag. Whenever I passed a shrine with candles (at 21st and Eighth, at the bus stand across from St. Vincent’s, at Washington Square Park, etc.) I would light all the extinguished candles. I wasn’t the only person who did that. All week, I carried that lighter with me and used it as regularly as my cell phone or my MetroCard.
I fear the phrase “United We Stand.” Beyond the message of defiance, the wording of that bumper-sticker phrase implies that challenging opinions are not welcome. Tow the line, don’t dissent, “support our president.” We have entered a time when free speech is not welcomed, when rational discussion is shunted on grounds of patriotism. Ironic, since my patriotism is stoked in no small part by the constitutional guarantee of free speech.
Housewives in Alabama and passionate patriots in Georgia can put up all the “Fuck Osama” posters they want. Their cities were not attacked. They never worried for a moment that, realistically, death could turn toward them next. So it’s easy for them to want war. In New York City’s Union Square, an ongoing peace protest has been mounted. The press doesn’t cover it; they only show little children waving American flags, as if to say, “Well, if they’re smart enough to love America, everyone should support our president.” But if you live in a war zone, and if you see two 110-story towers dripping burning humans — right before your groggy eyes on a Tuesday morning — then the idea of war means something else to you. It is real, it is dangerous, and it could come back to your yard. And to many of us who were here, no civilian death will ever be excusable.
++++++++++
I was there the night before, by the way. I rode right by them in a taxi at 7 p.m. on September 10.
In the pouring rain, I attended a function sponsored by the Hong Kong tourism board, held on a ferry. We rode out from South Street Seaport, down around the bottom tip of Manhattan, past the Statue of Liberty. We looked back at downtown New York City and admired it through the gales of rain.
And I said, “Have you ever seen an old picture of Manhattan, or an old movie? It’s very strange to see those fancy skyscrapers aren’t there. It’s odd to think years ago, when whole generations of people thought of New York, they didn’t think of those.”
After that, I didn’t really notice them. I turned away from them and started a different conversation.
Something about the past week makes me think about one single, elusive word: ago.
What exactly does it mean? What, now, is the context?

Mount Rushmore is empty-calorie patriotism, but it’s pretty.
Local concerns overbuilt the amenities so much in the 1990s so that they’re still paying them off. Merely parking a car costs $11. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum took extreme care in rendering his four subjects accurately, but the piles of tourist junk hawked by Xanterra at its several gift shop concessions? Not so much.
Here’s what it’s supposed to look like, in all its placebo-patriotic attractiveness:
But most of the tourist tat sold in the gift shops mangles the angles and fudges the faces.
Thomas Jefferson is usually made to look the most ridiculous.

Abe looks like he just let one loose, and TR is giving him the stinkeye. Tommy's mascara is dripping. George is trying to ignore their shenanigans.

Then again, even Gutzon Borglum's own model, on view in the old workshop, makes it look like George Washington is muscling in front of Thomas Jefferson, and Lincoln looks eerily like he's watching a play from the box at Ford's Theatre. (Obviously, our familiar, disembodied Mount Rushmore looks nothing like this model, either. He died in 1941, 14 years into it, and it's technically unfinished.)
East of the Black Hills, in front of a steak house on 79 in Hermosa, South Dakota, thought to be three castoffs from the now-closed Presidents Park sculpture garden, provide a counterpoint to Mount Rushmore with someone’s modern favorites: JFK, Reagan, and George W. Bush.
Then again, Teddy Roosevelt doesn’t really belong up on that mountain, either, does he? He’d only been dead for less than a decade when Rushmore was begun. But no one could talk Borglum, bullheaded man, out of carving TR on the rock.
There was a reason: Turns out they were good friends.

Some rangers are still searching for Twitter instructions in their Mission 66 manuals (NPS crest at Wind Cave NP in South Dakota)
Last update: 30 April 2012
Most National Parks and National Historic Sites have joined Twitter, and the daily outpouring of American history, alluring photos, and new discoveries at the parks near you makes for a good addition to your stream which, if it’s like mine, spends too much time stomping around in kittycat and tech news.
Far from being boring tickers about road closures and forest fire risk, many of the National Park Service streams are often tended by people who get really excited about nature and history. For example, today the African Burial Ground (a delightfully active one for such a small site) shared a resource for researching your slave ancestors in Virginia and linked to a database that details the machinations of the slave trade. Lowell linked to a cool image of the Washington Monument taken in 1922.
Which park has the most followers? You’d never guess. It’s Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site in Hawaii (site of a former temple, and an emblem of the blending of Hawaiian and Western culture that came later), which as of this writing has 41,320 rapt readers.
What’s missing? Many of the most popular Civil War battlefields, despite the fact we are now upon the 150th anniversary of the war. Gettysburg, the location of the mother of all battles, has @VisitGettysburg, a feed for its megabucked, privately owned visitor center (in which the National Park Service is a tenant), but there are a measly 12 tweets on its official ranger-curated feed. Hey, Civil War sites: If an eighteenth-century ruin can have its own blockbuster feed, you should certainly have one, too. (And the omnibus @NPS_CivilWar account, with only 310 followers and untouched since late June, is not cutting it.)
Also missing: an official list of Twitter accounts by the NPS. So I compiled one myself. Here it is.
In general, natural sites get more attention than historic or cultural ones. Where’s Jimmy Carter National Historic Site? Where’s the Carl Sandburg Home, Frederick Douglass’ house, the Lincoln Memorial? Mount Rushmore, despite having four big mouths, is mute.
I wish I could encourage rangers to share their passion on Twitter more often. As an annual passholder to the parks, I know there are plenty of rangers, especially junior ones, who see the job as more than a clock-punching one. I met an eager historian/ranger I met in May at Richmond Battlefield Park, and we talked at length about how history is being forgotten, few people are fired up, and visitors most often want to know where the bathroom is. Why he hasn’t issued a single tweet since October of 2010 is a tragedy of lost tradition.
As Pu’ukohola proves, you don’t have to be a well-funded or big site to get people excited and build a following, and that energy will pay off with increased interest in our heritage. If you want to follow many of these with one click (seems excessive, but sporting), Pu’ukohola has a Twitter list of units, rangers, enthusiasts, and admin programs.
If you know of more (only official ones, please, and I’m leaving out accounts used for non-edifying fire warnings and winter road alerts), add them to the comments section and I’ll update the list. There are some abandoned accounts and some clunkers in here — if your favorite park is letting its Twitter stream die, tell the rangers to spread the love.
Northeast
Acadia National Park, Maine: @AcadiaNPS
African Burial Ground National Monument, New York: @AFBurialGrndNPS
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Pennsylvania: @AlleghPortNPS
Assateague National Seashore, Maryland: @AssateagueNPS
Boston African American National Historic Site, Massachusetts: @BOAFNPS
Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts: @CapeCodNPS
Castle Clinton National Monument, New York: @CastleClinton
Clara Barton National Historic Site, Maryland: @ClaraBartonNPS
C&O Canal National Historical Park, DC, Maryland & Virginia: @CHOHTrails
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pennsylvania & New Jersey: @DelWaterGapNPS
Federal Hall National Memorial, New York: @FederalHallNPS
Fire Island National Seashore, New York: @FireIslandNPS
Fort McHenry National Historic Site, Maryland: @FtMcHenryNPS
Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Pennsylvania: @FtNecessityNPS
Gateway National Recreation Area, New York: @GatewayNPS
General Grant National Memorial (Grant’s Tomb), New York: @GrantsTombNPS
Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania: @GettysburgNMP
Glen Echo Park, Maryland: @GlenEchoParkNPS (also see @NPSGWMP)
Governors Island National Monument, New York: @GovIslandNPS
Ellis Island, New York & New Jersey: @EllisIslandNPS
Hamilton Grange National Monument, New York: @HamiltonGrngNPS
Hampton National Historic Site, Maryland: @HamptonNPS
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Sites, New York: @NPS_HydePark
Independence National Historical Park, Pennsylvania: @IndependenceNHP
Johnstown Flood National Memorial, Pennsylvania: @JohnstownFldNPS
Lowell National Historic Park, Massachusetts: @Lowell_NPS
Morristown National Historic Park, New Jersey: @MorristownNPS
National Capital Parks-East (13 DC-area sites including Greenbelt and Anacostia): @DCParksEastNPS
New York Harbor (10 area sites): @NYHarborPrksNPS
Northeast NPS Museum Collections: @NPS_NMSC
Northeast Region (76 parks, Maine to Virginia): @NatlParkSvcNER
Rock Creek Park National Park, Washington D.C.: @RockCreekNPS
Roger Williams National Memorial, Rhode Island: @RogerWilliamsNM
Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, New York: @SagamoreHillNHS
St. Paul’s Church National Historic Site, New York: @StPaulChurchNPS
Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, New Hampshire: @SaintGaudensNHS (inactive)
Salem Maritime National Historic Site, Massachusetts: @SalemMartimeNPS
Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York: @StatueLibrtyNPS
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, New York: @TRBirthplaceNPS
Thomas Edison National Historical Park, New Jersey: @ThomasEdisonNHP
Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Maryland: @ThomasStoneNHS
Valley Forge National Historic Park, Pennsylvania: @ValleyForgeNHP
Weir Farm National Historic Site, Connecticut: @WeirFarmNPS
Women’s Rights National Historical Park, New York: @WomensRightsNHP
Southeast
Arlington House National Memorial (Robert E. Lee Memorial), Virginia: @ArlingtonNPS
Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida: @BiCyNPres
Big South Fork National River & Recreation Area, Tennessee & Kentucky: @BigSouthForkNRR
Biscayne National Park, Florida: @BiscayneNPS
Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina: @CapeHatterasNPS
Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina: @CapeLookoutNPS
Charles Pinckney National Historic Site, South Carolina: @PinckneyNPS
Colonial National Historical Park, Virginia: @ColonialParkNPS
Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida: @DryTortugasNPS
Everglades National Park, Florida: @EvergladesNPS
Fort Donelson National Battlefield, Tennessee: @FortDonelsonNPS
Fort Pulaski National Monument, Georgia: @FortPulaskiNPS
Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, North Carolina: @FortRaleighNPS
Fort Sumter National Monument, South Carolina: @FtSumterNPS
George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Virginia: @NPSGeWa
George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia & Maryland: @NPSGWMP
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee: @SmokiesRoadsNPS
Gulf Island National Seashore, Florida & Mississippi: @GulfIslandNPS @GulfRecoveryNPS (inactive)
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, West Virginia & Maryland: @HarpersFerryNPS
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Georgia: @KennesawNPS
Manassas National Battlefield Park, Virginia: @ManassasNPS
Natchez National Historical Park, Mississippi: @NatchezNPS
Obed Wild & Scenic River, Tennessee: @ObedWSR
Petersburg National Battlefield, Virginia: @PetersburgNPS
Prince William Forest Park, Virginia: @PWForestPark
Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: @RichmondNPS
Shenandoah National Park, Virginia: @ShenandoahNPS
Shiloh National Military Park, Tennessee & Mississippi: @ShilohNPS
Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail, Virginia, DC & Maryland: @SSBTrail
Timucuan National Preserve, Florida: @TimucuanNPS
Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, Virginia: @Wolf_Trap_NPS
Wright Brothers National Memorial, North Carolina: @WrightBrosNPS
Midwest and Rockies
Amistad National Recreation Area, Texas: @AmistadNPS (inactive)
Bear Paw Battlefield, Montana: @BearPawNPS
Big Hole Battlefield, Montana: @BigHoleNPS
Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado: @BlackCanyonNPS
Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Montana & Wyoming: @BighornCanynNRA
Buffalo National River, Arkansas: @BuffaloNPS
Cane River Creole National Historical Park, Louisiana: @CaneRiverCreole
Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Oklahoma: @ChickasawNPS
Curecanti National Recreation Area, Colorado: @CurecantiNPS
Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming: @TowerRanger
Dinosaur National Monument, Utah & Colorado: @DinosaurNPS
Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado: @FlorissantNPS
Fort Smith National Historic Site, Arkansas: @FortSmithNHS
Glacier National Park, Montana: @glaciernps
Grand Portage National Monument, Minnesota: @NPSGrPo
Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: @GrandTetonNPS
Harry S Truman National Historic Site, Missouri: @HarrySTrumanNPS
Homestead National Memorial, Nebraska: @HomesteadNM
Hoover Historic Site, Iowa: @HooverNPS
James A. Garfield National Historic Site, Ohio: @GarfieldNPS
Keweenaw National Historic Site, Michigan: @KeweenawNPS
Lincoln Home National Historic Site, Illinois: @LincolnHomeNPS
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, Texas: @LBJohnsonNPS
Midwest Region administration: @MidWestNPS
Nez Perce National Historical Park, Idaho, Montana, Oregon & Washington: @NezPerceNP
Niobrara National Scenic River, Nebraska & South Dakota: @NiobraraNSR
Rocky Mountain National Park: @RMNPOfficial
San Antonio Mission National Historical Park, Texas: @NPS_SA_Missions
Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: @TRooseveltNPS
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming & Montana: @YellowstoneNPS
Southwest
Arches National Park, Utah: @ArchesNPS
Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico: @BandelierNPS
Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah: @BryceCanyonNPS
Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico: @CapulinNPS
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Arizona: @CasaGrandeNPS (inactive)
Canyonlands National Park, Utah: @CanyonlandsNPS
Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: @GrandCanyonNPS
Great Basin National Park, Nevada: @GreatBasinNPS
Homestead National Memorial, New Mexico: @HomesteadNM
Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada: @LakeMeadNRA
Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona: @PetrifiedNPS
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan: @PicturedRocksNL
Saguaro National Park, Arizona: @SaguaroNPS
White Sands National Monument, New Mexico: @WhiteSands_NPS
Zion National Park, Utah: @ZionNPS
Northwest and California
Alcatraz Island, California: @AlcatrazIsland
Cabrillo National Memorial: @CabrilloNPS
Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: @CraterLakeNPS
Death Valley National Park, California: @DeathValleyNPS
Devils Postpile National Monument, California: @DevilsPostNPS
Fort Point National Historic Site, California: @FortPointNPS
Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Washington & Oregon: @FtVancouverNPS
Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California: @GoldenGateNPS
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon: @JDFossilBedsNPS
Joshua Tree National Park, California: @JoshuaTreeNP
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, California: @AnzaTrailNPS
Kings Canyon National Park, California: @SequoiaKingsNPS
Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: @LassenNPS
Muir Woods National Monument, California: @MuirWoodsNPS
Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: @MountRainierNPS
North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington: @NCascadesNPS
Oregon Caves National Monument, Oregon: @OregonCavesNPS
Redwoods National and State Parks, California: @RedwoodNPS
San Juan Island National Historical Park, Washington: @SanJuanIsNPS
Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, California: @SantaMonicaMtns
Sequoia National Park, California: @SequoiaKingsNPS
Yosemite National Park, California: @YosemiteNPS
Alaska, Hawaii, territories
Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, Hawaii: @AlaKahakaiNPS
American Memorial Park, Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan: @AmericanMemorialNPS
American Samoa National Park, American Samoa: @Amer_SamoaNPS
Alaska (all 17 parks and sites): @AlaskaNPS
Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Alaska: @BeringLandNPS
Cape Krusenstern National Memorial, Alaska: @CKrusensternNPS
Denali National Park, Alaska: @DenaliNPS
Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve, Alaska: @GatesArcticNPS
Haleakala National Park, Hawaii: @HaleakalaNPS
Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska: @KenaiFjordsNPS
Klondike National Park, Alaska: @KlondikeAKNPS
Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park, Hawaii: @KalokoNPS
Kobuk Valley National Park & Preserve, Alaska: @KobukValleyNPS
Lake Clark National Park & Preserve, Alaska: @LakeClarkNPS
Noatak National Park, Alaska: @NoatakNPS
Pacific Islands National Parks, Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa & CNMI: @PacificNPS
Puukohola National Historic Site, Hawaii: @PuukoholaNPS
Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawaii: @PuuhonuaNPS
Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska: @SitkaNPS (inactive)
War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: @WarInPacificNPS
Wrangell- St. Elias National Park & Preserve, Alaska: @WrangellStENPS
World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, Hawaii: @WWIIValorNPS
Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, Alaska: @YukonCharleyNPS
Administration
Main: @NatlParkService
Archeology Program: @NPSArcheology
Denver Service Center (planning, design, construction): @DenSrvcCtrNPS
Department of the Interior: @Interior
Civil War sites: @NPS_CivilWar
National Capital Region Inventory & Monitoring (management through science): @NPSCaptlAreaSci
National Park Emergency Operations: @NPSEMR_SEast
National Park Foundation (official charitable partner): @GoParks
Northeast Regional Office of NPS Interpretation and Education Training: @NEROInterpLnD
Park Stores (merchandise): @NPSParkStores
Youth Programs: @NPSYouth
Independence National Historical Park, Pennsylvania: @IndependenceNHPIndependence National Historical Park, Pennsylvania: @IndependenceNHP
Your biographer is screwed. You are leaving nearly nothing behind.
While you pour your energies and thoughts into the machine sitting in front of you, you are leaving nearly nothing about you that your descendants will be able to find.
You know it’s true. Compared to your parents, or your grandparents, what are you handing down besides possessions? Most of us have trouble locating email folders that are just five years old. Yet thanks to old-fashioned pen and ink, historians can still account for the day-to-day activities of everything from the backstage staff at Ziegfeld’s New Amsterdam to the most lowly privates marching in the Civil War to the art acquisitions of the Kings of England.
Impermanence abounds. You write no letters, preferring email. You send no cards, choosing instead a quick Facebook wall post. There are no romantic proclamations, wrapped in ribbon at the back of a drawer, to be burned upon your death. You have left nothing like that behind.
My own journal writing tapered off neatly as the Web rose. That’s how most of us use our free time now, not by collecting and sorting our thoughts and feelings. Most of us journal only via status updates. Set aside the fact you watch too much TV and surf the Web too much. It’s doubtful that you kept a journal anyway. You will probably say that life is too busy.
We read books by Kindle, accumulating no libraries. We cannot make notes in the margin to edify their future owners of our books or reignite ideas in ourselves later. We cannot write meaningful inscriptions or dedications when we share books that offer ideas friends will love. Amazon has even decided to take back some of the books we buy. Our personal libraries are becoming merely borrowed information, never rendered truly ours or integrated with the contours of our lives. Our public libraries cease to exist altogether, or have halted in their development.
Today, Borders bookstore announced the total liquidation of all its stores, further forcing more Americans to buy their reading material digitally. Digital media, or the failure to harness it, are being blamed, but we all know that people are reading less and watching more. Rented intelligence, rented experiences.
The songs we buy are a forgotten password away from oblivion. We no longer even purchase movies much; instead, we scrub through our entertainment by remote control, skipping through entertainment episodes. We live and die by what can be related over the water cooler, which is often the program that was on last night but will be forgotten in a month.
The great influencers of our time shout into microphones. They don’t pour their thoughts onto paper where they can be debated for years into the future. All of our fine thinking is gone with our hot air.
Your photographs don’t exist. Almost none of them have been printed. They are merely a temporary collaboration between light and data. The very memory of you is being stalked by a 404. In fact, every digit on our computers, which contain nearly every detail a biographer would find interesting, can vanish into the memory hole with the wave of a single magnet.
Stop and think how much you’re leaving behind. If someone were to write a biography of you in 100 years, what would they be able to use? Do you keep papers? Do you write notes? Without an electrical outlet, will there be any evidence that you existed?
No librarian has yet solved the problem. Just as every American over 30 occasionally runs across a plastic floppy disk from the past yet has no way to read it in the present, the historians in charge of maintaining our very history are finding the rapid turnover of technologies and the uncertain degradation rates of digital storage media to be no match for the dwindling government funding allotted to making sure we don’t lose it all. The Library of Congress has an entire Preservation department dedicated to placing bets on emerging media and making sure the stuff used just a decade ago doesn’t becoming inaccessible forever.
Trying to get ahold of our impermanent artifacts is why, last year, the Library of Congress acquired all the public tweets ever sent. The chatterboxes of the bloggerati scoffed, but in fact, the staff there is concerned about how we are becoming historical ghosts. They are desperate to find a way to preserve the details of our day-to-day lives, now that quill and pen and Bic have all become only occasional tools. Just when they find a disk method that works, technology “improves,” and evolves the holdings right into obsolescence. There isn’t enough tax money to make sure we keep our archives current. So with every warped analog tape or time-damaged disk, our history is at risk, too.
Corporations collect purchasing information about us daily, but chances are none of it will be available to anyone once it’s no longer useful for selling us stuff. In an ignored but urgent issue I covered last year, creditors pull the plug on servers containing local newspaper archives the minute they go bankrupt. Your fears, your dreams, your challenges, your perceptions — what’s being recorded in a way that can be read, and most importantly felt, years from now?
Genealogists get frustrated because can’t learn much of our early American ancestors. Baptism records, marriage records, census entries, death notices. That’s because many of our ancestors were unremarkable, historically speaking. Because few left papers behind, their legacy of proof extends mostly through what the government or the church collected from them — provided it wasn’t burned or lost since.
Now we have great recording and cataloging tools available to us. Our fingers are touching the buttons of these tools every single day, including right now at this very second. Yet we are leaving nothing more behind than our indigent farmer and immigrant progenitors did. Will you be as mystifying and faceless to your future family as your 1820s ancestors are you to? If you are, will it be your fault?
Because I now end this post with a stroke of my keyboard, using a period that doesn’t truly exist on a disk that can be wiped out by enemies ranging from solar flares to Breakfast Blend coffee (please print this post for me), I prove my point.
Although a whole lot bothers me about musicals, there are some things that I love, specifically, what stems from history. I almost never listen to a cast recording and get goofily carried away. I start thinking about the place and time of it, the look of the cabs that passed outside the theatre, the hats and coats on top of the heads of the audiences and the political and social concerns inside them.
I like the document of the cast album. It’s so rare to allow history to sing in your ear.
As a document, the original cast recording of 1971′s Follies was shredded from the start. People now acknowledge that the show is, if not really a perfect masterpiece, then one of Stephen Sondheim’s most compelling, and widest-ranging. Its daring was what turned people off: It’s about middle-aged people having nervous breakdowns when they return to an abandoned theatre, Weissman’s, that once was the centre of their young romantic lives. At the end, a demo crew breaks through the wall and everyone leaves, shattered. Wheee!
The promise of self-doubt and meltdowns with top hats (particularly during Vietnam, when the middle class had enough to regret) didn’t appeal to many people back then, so it wasn’t destined to run for long. And the show’s casting, scenic, and narrative demands are extreme enough to mean the show is rarely revived, perhaps rightfully so, which makes the original production a brief flash of mythology for New Yorkers and singers alike. But in 1971, as it was running, of course no one knew how hindsight would inform its legacy, or that “I’m Still Here” would become a standard.
So everyone allowed themselves to be stupid. Harold Prince was in a snit over something CBS had done with one of his forevermore forgettable movie ventures. CBS’s Goddard Lieberson was the undisputed master of cast recordings, but Prince was so pissy he didn’t care. So he gave the recording rights to Capitol, which had experience mostly in cynical commercial pop recordings — not in documents. Those Hollywood Boulevard types didn’t understand that cast recordings are, in a sense, snapshots of a moment. They are museums to a work of art that will only exist in that form once. They pay homage to specific cultural and economic conditions as much as they strive to entertain eccentric grandmothers and closeted future showboys.
Anyway, the lush and rangy score was hacked, compressed, and disemboweled to fit on one tinny LP.

See? Musicals are too culturally relevant! They're even on the cover of TIME! What's more culturally relevant than that? (Oh... wait...)
For the recording, Capitol rented a ballroom at the Manhattan Center on 34th near Eighth Avenue. The venue itself was a ruined theatre, having been built by Oscar Hammerstein I in a failed bid to unseat the Metropolitan Opera as New York’s dominant opera institution. Today, in further proof of the continued re-ascendancy of vaudeville-by-television, the building is where America’s Got Talent has its annual New York auditions.
A year before, CBS gave Sondheim’s Company 18 and a half hours of recording to get things right — which they needed, considering how drunk Elaine Stritch was — but the more complex and orchestral Follies was given just a single day to nail everything and clean up. In his book Everything Was Possible, Ted Chapin remembers it was a day of buzzing mics, flipped switches, and crossed signals. Not only was everything cut to hell, but people had only a few minutes to record unfamiliar, newly gutted versions of their songs before hitting the street again.
Even the album cover was lazy: the show’s poster was slapped in the middle, not even cropped, so there were long white spaces on either side.
On YouTube, I found some files by JonthesYT, a guy I don’t know, but whom I know I already love. A true historian who appreciates that cast recordings are perhaps more about American cultural preservation than mere entertainment, he has created the Follies original cast album the way it should have been. By mashing up, deftly and with an engineer’s ear, the original truncated disc with good-quality live recordings of the short-lived 1971 show in performance at the Winter Garden Theatre, he has matched the performances as they truly are.
Here’s the musical triptych of “Rain on the Roof,” “Ah, Paree!”, and “Broadway Baby.” In 1971, only the second two were included, and “Broadway Baby” was chopped in half.
From a custodial point of view, it’s horrifying to think that “Broadway Baby,” which is now a familiar tune that’s regarded as an American classic song, was not recorded in its full form by the person who first sang it. The person who first sang it, Ethel Shutta, is also fading away thanks to a lack of documents preserving her, even though she was a fixture on American stages and radio for some 73 years.
Thanks to Capitol and Hal Prince’s hissy fit, we were deprived of that artifact. But this guy has re-assembled it and restored it, with dozens of hidden edits in each track, to a sense of its truth, if only on YouTube.
My favorite one is “Losing My Mind” by Dorothy Collins. It’s already one of my favorite songs, but her little step-up on “mind” at the end of the bridge (which wasn’t recorded but was rescued from a live performance) is an interpretation I’ve never heard before. Now, I realize that had this bridge been recorded, every girl singer since 1971 would have sung that lick. Because that’s what we do, like it or not: We sing like the original sang it. Further proof the cast recording is a more powerful document than a pop song: it guides interpretation forever.
It’s a stupid little thing, really, and it may be something that only musical fans will appreciate. But it’s at 2:55:
I suppose there is an argument to be made for the idea that because Follies‘ original document was so awful, people have spent decades re-inspecting the work and trying to redeem it. And without James Goldman’s sometimes hard-to-swallow book to compare beside the score, Sondheim gets all the glory, while regional theatre companies everywhere fail to realize the many hazards that prevent the final piece, once mounted, from connecting the way they hoped it would. Thanks again to the document of the cast album, for boosting life where previously there may have been only shame.
People love to mock musicals. Even the people in musicals mock musicals, because they don’t want to be seen as so unhip as to lack a sense of humor.
But musicals are not all about jazz hands and kick lines and belters dressed up as French peasants. They are markers of our culture — and they are distinctly American, since we invented them. Their successes inform us about our national rhetoric, and their failures tells us about our culture, too.
There’s a slice of American history in every disc, just as there’s something to learn from a black and white movie on TCM, a jazz album, or a comic book.
Follies is coming back to Broadway in August. As proof that producers perhaps still don’t precisely grasp the full feather of history of the piece, it will play the 25-year-old Marquis Theatre, whose construction (and that of the vertical bunker of the Marriott tower above it) demanded the demolition of five antique theatres on the block.
The Marquis Theatre itself created four theatre ghosts like the Weissman’s. It’s as if they’re mounting their show in the very parking lot that replaced Weissman’s haunted playhouse.



















